李榮添 : 歷史之理性 -- 黑格爾歷史哲學導論述析 ( Hoffmeister, Nisbet)

李榮添 : 歷史之理性 -- 黑格爾歷史哲學導論述析 ( Hoffmeister, Nisbet)
excerpted from Lectures on the Philosophy of World History : Introduction : Reason in History. Hoffmeister ed. tr. by Nisbet.
( Nisbet, page 71 )
page 71

1. In world history, th object of our enquiry is the Idea as it expresses itself through the medium of the human WILL ( 意志 ) OR of human FREEDOM ( 自由).

2. The WILL ( 意志 ) thereby becomes the abstract basis of FREEDOM ( 自由 ), and gives rises to the entire ethical life of nations.

3. The (1) first principle of the Idea in this form, as already remarked, is the Idea itself as an abstract entity; and the second (2) is that of human PASSION ( 熱情).

4. These two are the warp and weft in the fabric of world history. The Idea as such is the REALITY, and the PASSIONS are the ARM which serves it.

5. These are the extremes, and the middle point at which the two coincide and in which they are united is the state of ethical freedom.

6. The WILL ( 意志 ) of the individual is FREE ( 自由 )if he cab determine his volitions absolutely, abstractly, and in and for itself. How, then is it possible for the universal or the rational to determine anything whatsoever in history?

岡田以藏 被稱為幕末 (1853-1868 ) 第一刺客，他以最無情的快劍樹立傳奇，以鮮血染出絕美的殺手詩篇。

以藏師事 武市半平太，學習劍術的鏡心明智流。並在武市的介紹下加入鏡心明智流四代桃井春藏門下。並在?本龍馬的仲介下，成為 勝海舟的保鏢。

肚子跟肝臟一起裂開，就像水袋裂開一樣，血花四濺。血濺開來的時候，以藏已經不在那裡了。

他來回奔跑，在對方還來不及拔刀的時候，已經砍殺了七個人，這就是以藏的殺法。 人們因為害怕他，故稱他為--「 人斬以藏」。