李明輝 : 康德歷史哲學論文集
康德 : 答「 何謂啟蒙?」之問題
An Answer to the Question : What is Enlightenment?
1. 啟蒙 , 是人之 超脫於 他自己招致的 未成年狀態。
未成年狀態 , 是無他人底指導 , 即無法使用自己的知性( Verstand)的那種 無能。
如果未成年狀態底原因 不在於缺乏 不靠他人底指導去使用 知性,而在於缺乏 不靠他人底指導 去使用知性的 決心和勇氣 ( but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another ),這種未成年狀態便是 自己招致的。
勇於求知吧( Sapere aude) !因此,鼓起勇氣 , 去使用你自己的知性吧!這便是啟蒙底格言。
Enlightenment is the human being’s emergence from his self-incurred minority. Minority is inability to make use of one’s own understanding without direction from another.
This minority is self-incurred when its cause lies not in lack of understanding but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another.
Sapere aude! [ dare to be wise ] Have courage to make use of your own understanding! is thus the motto of enlightenment.
2 . 何以極大多數人 在自然早已使之 先於他人底指導( 自然的成年人 ── naturaliter maiorennes )之後, 仍然願意 終生保持 未成年狀態?
又何以其他人 極其輕易地 自命為那些人底 監護者? 其原因即是 懶惰 和怯懦。
未成年狀態 是極舒適的。
It is because of laziness and cowardice that so great a part of humankind, after nature has long since emancipated them from other people’s direction ( naturaliter maiorennes ),
nevertheless gladly remains minors for life, and that it becomes so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians.
It is so comfortable to be a minor!
An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?
http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/kant/enlightenment.htm
Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View
http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/kant/universal-history.htm
朱高正, 康德康德四論
Vermillion ‐ 石川智晶
黑格爾 : 精神現象學 ( 天涯線上書庫 )
http://www.tianyabook.com/waiguo/heigeer/index.htm
黑格爾 : 小邏輯 ( 天涯線上書庫 )
http://www.tianyabook.com/waiguo/xiaoluoji/index.htm
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