法國高中會考哲學科考題揭曉！ Are French students taught to be more philosophical?

[法國] 法國高中會考哲學科考題揭曉！

法國六月此時正舉行高中會考(le baccalauréat, 簡稱le bac)，近日舉行哲學科考試 (簡稱 Bac philo)，五十萬 考生可以在各組三道題目中擇一申論，今年考題普遍以科學與人類關係為主軸。

文科組題目：
我們是否能證明科學假設？

人類是否注定泡製自身的幻像/想像？( 人類注定活在自身形成幻覺中?)

試解釋尼采著作「 歡愉的智慧」一書選文(Gai savoir/Die fröhliche Wissenschaft)


理科組題目：
文化是否會改變人類原來的樣態？(文化是否讓人脫離自然的原貌？)

即使與事實相違背的情況下，我們是否可能依然有理？

試解釋帕斯卡(Pascal)「思想錄」(les Pensées)書中選文


經濟與社會科組題目：
「自由 」是否受「 平等」威脅？(自由是否因平等而受限)

與科學相較，我們是否比較不需要藝術？( 相較科學，人文藝術Art是否較不必要?)

試解釋塞內卡(Sénèque/Seneca)著作「 論恩惠」( les Bienfaits)書中選文


音樂與舞蹈科組題目：
如果要掌握自我，是否必須先了解自己？

當我自己感受到不公平存在，是否能因此學習到什麼才是公平正義？

試解釋尼采一段選文


( 括弧內文為台灣留歐哲學博士修訂版)

題目原文請參考
http://www.lalsace.fr/actualite/2011/06/16/bac-lehttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif

法媒請學者解析經濟組哲學考題(編按：台灣報社編輯會這麼做嗎？)
http://www.laprovence.com/article/a-la-une/corrige-du-bac-philo-une-problematique-et-un-plan-pour-deux-dissertations

http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2011/06/14/01016-20110614ARTFIG00450-les-sujets-du-bac-de-philosophie-2011-a-l-etranger.php

香港考呢D的話唔知點點呢？

Are French students taught to be more philosophical?
http://www.france24.com/en/20110616-france-baccalaureate-exams-philosophy-europe-curriculum-university#

Around 650,000 students will be taking the most anticipated end-of-year exam of French secondary school on Thursday: philosophy. Unlike other Europeans, the French are required to be prepared to " philosophise" before moving on to university.
By Gaëlle LE ROUX (text)


The annual philosophy exam is the test that kicks off each year’s baccalaureate – a series of rigorous end-of-year exams one needs to pass in order to graduate from French secondary school and move into higher education.

On Thursday, French students will put on their thinking caps when they sit down to take the much-feared " philo" exam, as most French students call it, which stands out among the other subjects not just because it starts the week-long round of testing, but also because it’s the longest.

For four gruelling hours, every student in their last year of “lycée” is asked to respond in writing to one philosophical question. Examples from previous years include, “Can a scientific truth be dangerous?” and “Is it one’s own responsibility to find happiness?”

The study of philosophy in France has a core role in secondary education. In “terminale” – the last year of high school – it is a compulsory subject for all students. Those studying humanities do eight hours of philosophy a week, while pupils studying science and technology do just two hours.

A very French approach

French national education inspector Mark Sherringham explained back in 2006 that the teaching was vital to build a basis “of culture and reasoning in philosophy”.

“Its main objective is to develop a capacity for personal reflection,” he said.

This “ search for personal reflection” is one of the aims of the French educational system, whereas other European countries tend to tackle philosophy through the history of thought.

Italy teaches the "history of ideas" to its youth while Spain teaches the “history of philosophy”. Germany, Switzerland and Sweden, among other countries, have similar curricula.

“ Portugal is the only country with a similar approach to France's,” said Simon Perrier, head of an association of French philosophy teachers. “In most other countries, philosophy is taught as a chronological and historical examination of philosophies.”

Enlightened citizens?

The study of philosophy has been mandatory in French high schools since 1808, a tradition inherited from the philosophers of the “ Siècle des Lumières”, or Age of Enlightenment.

The curriculum aims at producing “enlightened citizens” capable of intelligent criticism.

“ The study of philosophy looks at notions that everyone can understand, such as happiness, justice and work,” said Perrier. “ The aim is to teach students to reflect on what they learn every day at home and in school. They learn how to approach issues thoughtfully by being introduced to philosophical texts.”

This approach gives French students a unique relationship to the discipline, according to Pierre-Henri Travoillot, head of the philosophy department at the Sorbonne University in Paris.

“French philosophy is actually very accessible,” he said. “Our philosophers are often writers, such as Jean-Paul Sartre.”

The result, he says, is that many ordinary French people develop a love for intellectual and literary pursuits that continues later on in life.

“ I’m often amazed by the number and quality of philosophical meetings that are organised in even the smallest villages across France,” Travoillot observes.

“Their success is astonishing," he said. "If there is one reason to be optimistic about France, this is it.”