李榮添 : 歷史之理性 -- 黑格爾歷史哲學導論述析 ( Hoffmeister, Nisbet)

李榮添 : 歷史之理性 -- 黑格爾歷史哲學導論述析 ( Hoffmeister, Nisbet)
excerpted from Lectures on the Philosophy of World History : Introduction : Reason in History. Hoffmeister ed. tr. by Nisbet.
( Nisbet, page 51-52 )

Schiller 席勒 : 審美教育書簡 讀後心得
http://web.ed.ntnu.edu.tw/~ycfang/bookreview(schiller).htm

1. Thus it is the conception of the spirit which is realised in history. The national consciousness varies according to the extent to which the spirit KNOWS itself; and the ultimate phase of its consciousness, on which everything depends, is the recognition that man is FREE.

2. If we wish to treat history philosophically, we must AVOID such expressions as " this state WOULD NOT HAVE collapsed if there had had been someone who ... " etc.

3. Individuals FADE into insignificance beside the universal substance, and it CREATES for itself the individuals it requires to carry out its ends. But no individuals can prevent the preordined from happening.

4. The world spirit is the spirit of the world as it reveals itself through the human consciousness; the relationship of men to it is that of single parts to the whole which is their substance.