潘霍華（ Bonhoeffer）： 關於愚昧 On Stupidity
陳雲：潘霍華（Dietrich Bonhoeffer）：關於愚昧
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Taken from a circular letter, addressing many topics, written to three friends and co-workers in the conspiracy against Hitler, on the tenth anniversary of Hitler’s accession to the chancellorship of Germany.
‘Stupidity is a more dangerous enemy of the good than malice. One may protest against evil; it can be exposed and, if need be, prevented by use of force. Evil always carries within itself the germ of its own subversion in that it leaves behind in human beings at least a sense of unease. Against stupidity we are defenseless. Neither protests nor the use of force accomplish anything here; reasons fall on deaf ears; facts that contradict one’s prejudgment simply need not be believed- in such moments the stupid person even becomes critical – and when facts are irrefutable they are just pushed aside as inconsequential, as incidental.
In all this the stupid person, in contrast to the malicious one, is utterly self-satisfied and, being easily irritated, becomes dangerous by going on the attack. For that reason, greater caution is called for than with a malicious one. Never again will we try to persuade the stupid person with reasons, for it is senseless and dangerous.
‘If we want to know how to get the better of stupidity, we must seek to understand its nature. This much is certain, that it is in essence not an intellectual defect but a human one. There are human beings who are of remarkably agile intellect yet stupid, and others who are intellectually quite dull yet anything but stupid. We discover this to our surprise in particular situations.
The impression one gains is not so much that stupidity is a congenital defect, but that, under certain circumstances, people are made stupid or that they allow this to happen to them. We note further that people who have isolated themselves from others or who lives in solitude manifest this defect less frequently than individuals or groups of people inclined or condemned to sociability. And so it would seem that stupidity is perhaps less a psychological than a sociological problem. It is a particular form of the impact of historical circumstances on human beings, a psychological concomitant of certain external conditions.
Upon closer observation, it becomes apparent that every strong upsurge of power in the public sphere, be it of a political or of a religious nature, infects a large part of humankind with stupidity. It would even seem that this is virtually a sociological-psychological law. The power of the one needs the stupidity of the other. The process at work here is not that particular human capacities, for instance, the intellect, suddenly atrophy or fail. Instead, it seems that under the overwhelming impact of rising power, humans are deprived of their inner independence, and, more or less consciously, give up establishing an autonomous position toward the emerging circumstances.
The fact that the stupid person is often stubborn must not blind us to the fact that he is not independent. In conversation with him, one virtually feels that one is dealing not at all with a person, but with slogans, catchwords and the like that have taken possession of him. He is under a spell, blinded, misused, and abused in his very being. Having thus become a mindless tool, the stupid person will also be capable of any evil and at the same time incapable of seeing that it is evil. This is where the danger of diabolical misuse lurks, for it is this that can once and for all destroy human beings.
‘Yet at this very point it becomes quite clear that only an act of liberation, not instruction, can overcome stupidity. Here we must come to terms with the fact that in must cases a genuine internal liberation becomes possible only when external liberation has preceded it. Until then we must abandon all attempts to convince the stupid person. This state of affairs explains why in such circumstances our attempts to know what ‘the people’ really thing are in vain and why, under these circumstances, this question is so irrelevant for the person who is thinking and acting responsibly. The word of the Bible that the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom declares that the internal liberation of human beings to live the responsible life before God is the only genuine way to overcome stupidity.
‘But these thoughts about stupidity also offer consolation in that they utterly forbid us to consider the majority of people to be stupid in every circumstance. It really will depend on whether those in power expect more from people’s stupidity than from their inner independence and wisdom.’
-Dietrich Bonhoeffer, from ‘After Ten Years’ in Letters and Papers from Prison (Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works/English, vol. 8) Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2010.
Bonhoeffer on stupidity (entire quote)
https://religiousgrounds.wordpress.com/2016/05/11/bonhoeffer-on-stupidity-entire-quote/
陳雲：潘霍華（Dietrich Bonhoeffer）：關於愚昧
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陳雲：潘霍華（Dietrich Bonhoeffer）：關於愚昧
陳雲：星期日講道。愚昧是道德的問題，不是智力的問題。
治療愚昧，不是用教育，而是用靈性救贖。
如果愚昧者是基督徒，是由於背叛上帝，投靠撒旦。黃絲、偽獨聽了這些話，該更憎恨我吧。
以下徵引德國神學家潘霍華（Dietrich Bonhoeffer）的文章：《關於愚昧》
//對於善來說，愚昧是比惡意更加危險的敵人要反對愚昧，抵抗和力量都無濟於事，愚昧根本不服從理性。
假如事實與一己的偏見相左，那就不必相信事實，假如那些事實無法否認，那就可以把它們乾脆作為例外推開不理。
對於善來說，愚昧是比惡意更加危險的敵人。
你可以抵抗惡意，你可以揭下它的面具，或者憑藉武力來防止它。惡意總是包含着它自身毀滅的種子，因為它總是使人不舒服，假如不是更糟的話。
然而，面對愚昧，根本無法防衛。要反對愚昧，抵抗和武力都無濟於事，愚蠢根本不服從理性。
假如事實與一己的偏見相左，那就不必相信事實，假如那些事實無法否認，那就可以把它們乾脆作為例外推開不理。所以同惡棍相比，蠢人總是自鳴得意。
而且他很容易變成危險，因為要使他揮拳出擊，那是易如反掌的。所以，比起惡意來，愚蠢需要加倍小心地對付。我們不要再三努力同蠢人論理，因為那既無用又危險。
要恰當地對待愚昧，認識它的本來面目是必不可少的。十分肯定的是，愚昧是一種道德上的缺陷，而不是一種理智上的缺陷。有些人智力高超，但卻是蠢人，還有些人智力低下，但絕非蠢人，作為某些特定環境的產物，我們驚訝地發現了這種情況。
我們得到的印象是：愚昧是養成的，而不是天生的；愚昧是在這樣一些環境中養成的，在這種環境下，人們把自己弄成蠢人，或者允許別人把自己弄成蠢人。
我們還進一步注意到，比起不善交際或孤寂獨處的人來，在傾向於或注定要群居或交往的個人或團體當中，愚昧要普遍得多。
由此看來，愚昧是一個社會學問題，而不是一個心理學問題。它是歷史環境對人的作用的一種特殊形式，是特定的外部因素的一種心理副產品。
更進一步觀察就會發現，任何暴力革命，不論是政治革命還是宗教革命，都似乎在大量的人當中造成了愚昧的大發作。事實上，這幾乎成了心理學和社會學的一項規律。
一方的力量，需要另一方的愚蠢。這並不是人的某種天生能力，例如理智上的能力遭到了阻礙或破壞。
正相反，是力量的高漲已變得如此可怕，它剝奪了人的獨立判斷，人們放棄了（或多或少是無意識地放棄了）自己評價新的事態的努力。
蠢人可能常常十分頑固，但我們切不可因此而誤認為他很有獨立性。
人們多多少少會感到，尤其是在同蠢人談話時會感覺到，簡直不可能同他本人談話，不可能同他進行肝膽相照的交談。
同他談話時，你碰到的不是他本人，而是一連串標語口號以及諸如此類的東西，這些東西有力量控制他。他已被他人作祟，他的眼已遭蒙蔽，他的人性已被利用、被糟蹋。
一旦他交出了自己的意志，變成了純粹的工具，就再也沒有什麼罪惡的極限是蠢人所不會到達的了，但他仍然始終不可能了解那是罪惡。在此有一種惡魔般地扭曲人性的危險，它會對人造成無可補救的損害。
然而正是在這個方面，我們意識到，蠢人不可能靠教育來拯救。他所需要的是救贖，此外別無他法。
迄今為止，企圖用理性論證去說服他，絲毫沒有用處。在這種事態中，我們可以完全明白，為什麼試圖去發現蠢人真的在想什麼是徒勞無益的，為什麼這個問題對於負責地思考和行動的人來說也完全多餘。
正如《聖經》所言：「對上帝的畏懼，就是智慧的開端。」
換言之，治療愚昧的唯一辦法，是靈性上的救贖，因為唯有這樣，才能使一個人像上帝眼中負責任的人那樣生活。
不過，在對人的愚昧的這些思考中，也有一點可慰之處。我們沒有任何理由認為，大多數人在所有的環境中都是愚昧的。
長期起重大作用的是：我們是希望從人們的愚昧之中，而不是從人們的獨立判斷和敏銳思想之中，獲得更多的東西。
https://steemit.com/meme/@prime-cleric/stupidity-more-dangerous-than-evil
陳雲：潘霍華（Dietrich Bonhoeffer）：關於愚昧
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